Physical therapy protocols to attenuate skeletal muscle atrophy in critically ill patients: narrative review / Protocolos de terapia física para atenuar la atrofia del músculo esquelético en pacientes críticos: revisión narrativa

SUMMARY: To describe the physical therapy protocols used in critically ill patients to attenuate skeletal muscle atrophy. We conducted a search in PubMed and Embase from inception to November 2020. Observational or experimental studies published in English or Spanish that evaluated the effect of physical therapy protocols on the attenuation of skeletal muscle atrophy in critically ill patients through muscle strength or mass measurement were considered eligible. Studies were only included if they reported a detailed description of the dosing of the interventions. Seventeen studies met the eligibility criteria. We included randomised clinical trials (n = 16) and observational studies (n = 1). The total population of the included studies was 872 critically ill patients. The studies aimed to evaluate the reliability, safety or effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (n = 10) protocols, early mobilisation (n = 3), ergometer training (n = 2), transfers in tilt table (n = 1), and blood flow restriction (n = 1). Physical therapy protocols are part of the critically ill patient's integral management. Strategies such as passive mobilisation, in-bed and out-of-bed transfers, gait training, ergometer training, and neuromuscular electrical stimulation substantially impact critically ill patients' prognoses and quality of life after hospital discharge.

RESUMEN: Describir los protocolos de terapia física usados en pacientes críticos para atenuar la atrofia muscular esquelética. Realizamos una búsqueda en PubMed y Embase desde el inicio hasta noviembre de 2020. Se consideraron los estudios observacionales o experimentales publicados en inglés o español que evaluaron el efecto de los protocolos de terapia física en la atenuación de la atrofia del músculo esquelético en pacientes críticos a través de la medición de la fuerza o la masa muscular. Los estudios solo se incluyeron si informaron una descripción detallada de la dosificación de las intervenciones. Diecisiete estudios cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (n = 16) y estudios observacionales (n = 1). La población total de los estudios incluidos fue de 872 pacientes en estado crítico. Los estudios tuvieron como objetivo evaluar la confiabilidad, seguridad o efectividad de los protocolos de estimulación eléctrica neuromuscular (n = 10), movilización temprana (n = 3), entrenamiento con ergómetro (n = 2), transferencias en mesa basculante (n = 1) y restricción del flujo sanguíneo (n = 1). Los protocolos de terapia física forman parte del manejo integral del paciente crítico. Es- trategias como la movilización pasiva, los traslados dentro y fuera de la cama, el entrenamiento de la marcha, el entrenamiento con ergómetro y la estimulación eléctrica neuromuscular tienen un impacto sustancial en el pronóstico y la calidad de vida de los pacientes críticos después del alta hospitalaria.

Clinical effect of exercise intervention on improving frailty of bedridden patients / 中华老年医学杂志

Frailty is a common elderly syndrome with high prevalence, frailty after longtime bedridding will aggravate the physical frailty.Exercise intervention can ameliorate the physical function of frail patients, enhance their self-care ability and reduce the occurrence of poor prognosis.Due to the special environment of bedridden frail elderly patients, the exercise intervention is different from the traditional exercise program.Considering the physical ability and cognition of bedridden patients, active and passive physical exercise, auxiliary equipment exercise and neuromuscular electrical stimulation are helpful to improve frailty and ameliorate the life quality of the elderly.

Qualitative study on psychosomatic experience of patients undergoing lumbar cistern drainage after transnasal endoscopic surgery / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To understand the psychosomatic experience and needs of patients with lumbar cistern drainage after transnasal endoscopic sinus surgery in neurosurgery while lying in bed.Methods:Using the purposeful sampling method, one-to-on, face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted among 12 patients with lumbar cistern catheter drainage who were treated in Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from July to August 2020. Colaizzi phenomenology study was used to analyze the interview data, and summarized the themes.Results:The experience and needs of patients with lumbar cistern catheterization during the catheter placement were summarized into 3 themes. Obvious physical and mental discomfort: pain, discomfort of body position restriction, expectation minimization constraint scheme. Knowledge and cognitive needs: understand the reasons for intubation, intubation time and precautions. Affectionate and professional care needs: eager for professional care and more attention from medical staff, eager to be accompanied by family member to achieve greater improvement of comfort.Conclusions:Clinical nursing should be based on the patient′s psychosomatic feelings and needs, actively explore personalized intervention measures suitable for patients with lumbar cistern drainage, and formulate corresponding predictive care content to improve patients′ compliance, comfort and satisfaction.

Effects of conservative treatment of 2-week rigorous bed rest on muscle disuse atrophy in osteoporotic vertebral fracture patients / Journal of Rural Medicine

Objective: Osteoporotic vertebral fracture (OVF) is conventionally treated with conservative management such as bed rest, but a relatively prolonged bed rest has the potential risk of muscle disuse atrophy. This study aimed to examine whether the 2-week of rigorous bed rest affects muscle disuse atrophy in OVF patients.Patients and Methods: A total of 54 OVF patients (16 males; 38 females; mean age, 80.2 ± 9.2 years) were treated with an initial 2-week rigorous bed rest by hospitalization with persistent rehabilitation. Cognitive function, swallowing function, grip strength, and lower extremity circumference were evaluated at three-time points (admission, end of bed rest, and discharge).Results: Of the 51 patients who were able to walk independently before the injury, one patient (2.0%) had to use a wheelchair after the injury. During hospitalization, cognitive function decline was observed in 33.3% of patients, but not in patients with Revised Hasegawa’s Dementia Scale score ≥25 at admission. Swallowing function decline was observed in one patient, and none of the patients developed aspiration pneumonia during hospitalization. The grip strength significantly improved both at the end of bed rest (P=0.04) and discharge (P=0.02). Although the lower extremity circumference significantly decreased at the end of bed rest (P<0.01), it was recovered afterward. The lower extremity circumference did not significantly differ between the admission and discharge (P=0.17).Conclusion: Our results suggested that conservative treatment of OVF through an initial 2-week rigorous bed rest with persistent hospital rehabilitation poses a low risk of muscle disuse atrophy. If cognitive dysfunction is observed on admission, close monitoring for exacerbation should be performed during the hospital stay.

Aspectos históricos de la clinoterapia / Historical aspects of clinotherapy

Resumen La clinoterapia o "reposo en la cama" fue introducida como tratamiento para dolencias mentales en 1852, con el propósito de inhibir la "conciencia de movimiento" y la excitación periférica y, así, posibilitar un "reposo psíquico". En un primer momento la clinoterapia, junto con otras medidas como el open door y el non restraint, significó una alternativa a las celdas de reclusión, las camisas de fuerza y otros métodos restrictivos. Sin embargo, a la postre se vio reducida al simple aislamiento en una habitación, muchas veces en condiciones muy poco apropiadas.

Summary Clinotherapy or "bed rest" was first introduced as a treatment for mental illness in 1852, with the aim of inhibit the "consciousness of movement" and peripheral excitation, in order to make it possible a "psychological rest". At the beginning, clinotherapy, along with open door and non-restraint principles, meant an alternative to seclusion rooms, straitjackets and other restrictive practices. However, over time it became a simple seclusion in a room, many times in inappropriate conditions.

Consideraciones para el manejo clínico ambulatorio del COVID-19 leve / Considerations for outpatient clinical management of mild COVID-19

La evidencia científica actual ha permitido el desarrollo de diversas guías y protocolos clínicos para el manejo de la enfermedad COVID-19, los cuales en general, no han desarrollado en profundidad las indicaciones para el manejo ambulatorio del cuadro clínico leve. La Organización Mundial de la Salud señala en estos casos, un tratamiento sintomático, incluyendo antipiréticos, analgésicos, además de nutrición y rehidratación adecuadas. Sumado a lo anterior, se debe realizar aislamiento inmediato, el que debe incluir el seguimiento sobre la evolución de síntomas y necesidad de atención médica. El cumplimiento de estas indicaciones es fundamental para una mejor evolución del cuadro; la correcta hidratación y nutrición permiten optimizar la respuesta inmunológica durante la fase aguda de la enfermedad. Se suma, además, la importancia de mantenerse activo y evitar el reposo absoluto en cama, considerando los efectos deletéreos que esto genera sobre diversos sistemas, incluyendo el cardiorrespiratorio. Es evidente que una persona deshidratada, malnutrida, y que genera complicaciones pulmonares asociadas al reposo en cama, tiene mayor riesgo de requerir hospitalización. Todo lo anterior implica que las personas con COVID-19 leve sean educadas respecto al manejo de la enfermedad en casa, haciéndolas parte activa de su tratamiento, considerando además el impacto sobre la salud mental que implica el diagnóstico. En este artículo se desarrollan los fundamentos del manejo sintomático no farmacológico de la enfermedad leve, visibilizando la importancia de su cumplimiento y haciendo responsable a las autoridades y al equipo de salud sobre la educación a la población en este ámbito.

Current scientific evidence has allowed the development of various clinical guidelines and protocols for the management of COVID-19, which in general has not in depth developed indications for ambulatory care of the mild clinic presentation. The World Health Organization indicates in these cases, a symptomatic treatment, including analgesic, antipyretics, as well an adequate nutrition and rehydration. Besides, immediate isolation must be performed, which must include monitoring the symptoms' evolution and the need of medical attention. The correct following of these indications is essential for a better disease evolution; correct hydration and nutrition allow optimizing the immune response during the acute phase of the disease. In addition, the importance of staying active and avoiding absolute bed rest is added, considering the deleterious effects that this generates on various systems, including the cardiorespiratory one. It is evident that a person who is dehydrated, malnourished, and those who generates pulmonary complications associated with bed rest, has a greater risk of requiring hospitalization. All of the above implies that people with mild COVID-19 must be educated about the management of the disease at home, making them an active part of their treatment, also considering the impact on mental health that the diagnosis implies. This article develops the foundations of a non-pharmacological symptomatic management of mild disease, making visible the importance of its achievement and making the authorities and the health team responsible for educating the population in this area.

Investigation and analysis on risk factors of deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs in patients with orthopaedic bed rest / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To study and analyze the risk factors of deep Venous Thrombosis of Lower limbs in patients with Orthopaedic bed rest.@*Methods@#273 cases of patients with bed rest who were treated by Orthopaedic operation from November 2015 to March 2016 and from November 2016 to March 2017 in our hospital were.collected and divided into 2 groups according to whether there were deep venous thrombosis after operation, and A group had 232 patients who did not have deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs after Operation. B Group had 41 patients who had deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs after Operation. The two groups of patients were treated with orthopedic treatment, the researchers recorded the basic data of two groups of patients, and analyzed the risk factors of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis in patients with orthopedic Bed rest.@*Results@#In group B, patient ratio of age greater than 65 years old, with a body mass index (BMI) of more than 25 kg/m2, with chronic diseases, bed rest for more than 5 days after operation, triglyceride index ≥ 1.7 mmol/L D-dimer ≥ 500 μgP/L, operating time over 4 h were 54.10% (23/41), 58.54% (24/41), 75.61% (31/41), 60.98% (25/41), 58.50% (24/41), 63.41% (26 /41), 48.78% (20/41), respectively.In group A, patient ratio of age greater than 65 years old, with a body mass index (BMI) of more than 25 kg/m2, with chronic diseases, bed rest for more than 5 days after operation, triglyceride index ≥ 1.7 mmol/L D-dimer ≥ 500ugP/L, operating time over 4 h were 24.14%(56/232), 23.28% (54/232), 13.36% (31/232), 23.28% (54/232), 21.12% (49/232), 10.78% (25/232), 9.91% (23/232), respectively, The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (χ2=3.602~11.623, all P < 0.05); Related risk factors for deep venous thrombosis in lower limbs logistic regression analysis showed that age greater than 65 years old, with a body mass index (BMI) of more than 25 kg/m2, with chronic diseases, bed rest for more than 5 days after operation, triglyceride index ≥ 1.7 mmol/L D-dimer ≥ 500 μg/L, operating time over 4 h were the related risk factors for deep venous thrombosis in patients with bed rest after operation.@*Conclusion@#the risk factors for deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs in the elderly patients with bed rest after orthopedic operation are mainly age greater than 65 years old, with a body mass index (BMI) of more than 25 kg/m2, with chronic diseases (such as hypertension, diabetes, etc.), bed rest for more than 5 days after operation, triglyceride index ≥ 1.7 mmol/L D-dimer ≥ 500 μg/L, operating time over 4 h, nursing staff should carry out nursing intervention according to the risk factors related to deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs to avoid the formation of deep vein thrombosis of lower limbs as far as possible.

Investigation and analysis on risk factors of deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs in patients with orthopaedic bed rest / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To study and analyze the risk factors of deep Venous Thrombosis of Lower limbs in patients with Orthopaedic bed rest. Methods 273 cases of patients with bed rest who were treated by Orthopaedic operation from November 2015 to March 2016 and from November 2016 to March 2017 in our hospital were.collected and divided into 2 groups according to whether there were deep venous thrombosis after operation, and A group had 232 patients who did not have deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs after Operation. B Group had 41 patients who had deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs after Operation. The two groups of patients were treated with orthopedic treatment, the researchers recorded the basic data of two groups of patients, and analyzed the risk factors of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis in patients with orthopedic Bed rest. Results In group B, patient ratio of age greater than 65 years old, with a body mass index (BMI) of more than 25 kg/m2, with chronic diseases, bed rest for more than 5 days after operation, triglyceride index≥1.7 mmol/L D-dimer≥500 μgP/L, operating time over 4 h were 54.10% (23/41), 58.54% (24/41), 75.61% (31/41), 60.98% (25/41), 58.50% (24/41), 63.41% (26/41), 48.78% (20/41), respectively.In group A, patient ratio of age greater than 65 years old, with a body mass index (BMI) of more than 25 kg/ m2, with chronic diseases, bed rest for more than 5 days after operation, triglyceride index≥1.7 mmol/L D-dimer≥500ugP/L, operating time over 4 h were 24.14%(56/232), 23.28%(54/232), 13.36%(31/232), 23.28%(54/232), 21.12%(49/232), 10.78%(25/232), 9.91%(23/232), respectively, The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (χ2=3.602～11.623, all P < 0.05); Related risk factors for deep venous thrombosis in lower limbs logistic regression analysis showed that age greater than 65 years old, with a body mass index (BMI) of more than 25 kg/ m2, with chronic diseases, bed rest for more than 5 days after operation, triglyceride index ≥ 1.7 mmol/ L D-dimer ≥ 500 μg/L, operating time over 4 h were the related risk factors for deep venous thrombosis in patients with bed rest after operation. Conclusion the risk factors for deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs in the elderly patients with bed rest after orthopedic operation are mainly age greater than 65 years old, with a body mass index (BMI) of more than 25 kg/m2, with chronic diseases (such as hypertension, diabetes, etc.), bed rest for more than 5 days after operation, triglyceride index≥1.7 mmol/L D-dimer≥500 μg/L, operating time over 4 h, nursing staff should carry out nursing intervention according to the risk factors related to deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs to avoid the formation of deep vein thrombosis of lower limbs as far as possible.

Discomfort and Bleeding in Relation to Bedrest Time after Bone Marrow Examination among Hemato-oncology Patients / 임상간호연구

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate hemato-oncology patients' discomfort and bleeding in relation to the bedrest time after bone marrow examination. METHODS: A descriptive correlational study was conducted. The data were collected using self-report questionnaire from total of 131 patients who underwent bone marrow examination from January 2017 to September 2017. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon Signed-rank test, McNemar's test and logistic regression. RESULTS: The level of discomfort after 4 hours of bedrest was significantly higher when compared to 2 hours of bedrest(p<.001). The occurrence of bleeding after 2 hours of bedrest was significantly higher than 4 hours of bedrest(p<.001), however the degree of bleeding was slight. No bleeding occurred in 84% of the patients after 2 hours of bedrest. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrated that shortening the bed rest time after bone marrow examination was helpful in improving the patient's well-being. Bedrest time could be shortened according to the site of bone marrow examination and patient's condition.

Deleterious effects of prolonged bed rest on the body systems of the elderly - a review / Efeitos deletérios do tempo prolongado no leito nos sistemas corporais dos idosos - uma revisão

Abstract Objective: to describe the deleterious effects of prolonged bed rest on the body systems of the elderly. Method: an integrative-narrative review was carried out, with the following research question: What are the effects of prolonged bed rest on the body systems of the elderly? The PubMed and Virtual Health Library databases were searched with the following terms: "bed rest" and "elderly" with the Boolean operator "and". Results: a total of 1,639 articles were found. After application of the established criteria, nine articles remained, and 20 were added to maintain the citation of the primary source, giving a total of 29 articles. Conclusion: the immobility associated with prolonged bed rest is detrimental to the health of the elderly, as it affects several systems, such as the cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and urinary systems, which may lead to the onset of diseases in addition to those that led to bed rest. AU

Resumo Objetivo: descrever os efeitos deletérios do tempo prolongado nos sistemas corporais dos idosos. Método: foi realizada revisão integrativa-narrativa, com a seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: Quais os efeitos do tempo prolongado no leito nos sistemas corporais dos idosos? Foram pesquisadas as bases de dados PubMed e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) com os seguintes termos: bed rest e elderly com o boleador and. Resultados: foram encontrados um total de 1.639 artigos. Após aplicação dos critérios estabelecidos restaram nove artigos, sendo que foram acrescentados 20 para a manutenção da citação da fonte primária, totalizando 29 artigos. Conclusão: a imobilidade associada ao tempo prolongado no leito se mostra prejudicial à saúde do idoso por afetar diversos sistemas, tais como cardiovascular, pulmonar, gastrointestinal, musculoesquelético e urinário, podendo levar ao aparecimento de doenças adicionais àquelas que ocasionaram o repouso no leito. AU

Clinical characteristics of hospital-acquired pneumonia in bedridden patients aged 90 years and over / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of hospital-acquired pneumonia in bedridden patients aged 90 years and over.Methods From January 1,2015 to August 1,2015,40 bedridden elderly patients(≥90 years)with hospital-acquired pneumonia admitted to Beijing Hospital were assigned into the observation group,with 40 non-bedridden elderly patients (≥ 90 years)with community acquired pneumonia serving as the control group.Basic clinical data,infection symptoms and inflammation markers,and changes in serological test results before and after pneumonia were compared between the groups.Results Compared with the control group,the observation group had much lower body mass index(20.7± 1.2)kg/m2 vs.(25.1 ± 3.1) kg/m2 (t=-8.43,P＜0.01),and was accompanied with more diseases and associated with more symptoms during infection (all P＜ 0.05).Meanwhile,patients with lung infections in the observation group were more likely to have atrial fibrillation,often with increased levels of brain natriuretic peptide(1 047.9 ± 193.5) pg/L vs.(3 387.8± 763.8) μg/L (t =-3.39,P＜0.01) and abnormalities in troponin,but without obvious elevations of inflammatory markers such as white blood cells,C reactive protein and procaleitonin.Conclusions Bedridden patients aged 90 years and over with hospital-acquired pneumonia may show atypical clinical presentations and increased accompanying symptoms.Comprehensive geriatric assessment is critical for good prognosis.

Efectos del reposo prolongado en adultos mayores hospitalizados / Effects of prolonged rest in hospitalized older adults

Introducción: El reposo prolongado en cama y la disminución de la actividad física en los adultos mayores representan un factor predisponente al desarrollo o al agravamiento de ciertas condiciones patológicas relacionadas en mayor medida con los sistemas cardiovascular, respiratorio y musculoesquelético, en donde hasta el 33% de los adultos mayores hospitalizados presentarán deterioro funcional en al menos una de las actividades de la vida diaria y se incrementa a acerca del 50% cuando superan los 80 años de edad. Objetivo: Describir los principales efectos del reposo en cama sobre los principales sistemas que pudiesen generar un decline funcional en el adulto mayor hospitalizado. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos Pubmed, Scielo y Pedro. Resultados: La información obtenida se organizó de acuerdo a los sistemas corporales principalmente involucrados en el reposo prolongado. Se encontró que la falta de movilidad en adultos mayores provoca un desacondicionamiento físico, además de un agravamiento de la enfermedad que lo llevo a la residencias hospitalarias conllevando a un aumento de los días de hospitalización. Conclusiones: el reposo en cama puede ser minimizado tanto como sea posible y puede ser prescrita una recuperación ambulatoria y actividad física para limitar los efectos de desacondicionamiento del reposo en cama.

Introduction: Prolonged bed rest and decreased physical activity in the elderly represent a predisposing factor to the development or worsening of certain pathological conditions most closely related to the cardiovascular, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems. Functional impairment in less than the activities of daily living and increase by about 50% when they are over 80 years of age. Objective: To describe the main effects of bed rest on the main systems that could generate a functional decrease in the elderly hospitalized. Methodology: A bibliographic review was performed in Pubmed, Scielo and Pedro databases. Results: The information obtained was organized according to the body systems mainly involved in prolonged rest. It was found that the lack of mobility in older adults causes a physical deconditioning, in addition to an aggravation of the disease that leads to hospital residences with an increase in the days of hospitalization. Conclusions: bed rest can be minimized as much as possible and may prescribe an outpatient recovery and physical activity to limit the effects of deconditioning of bed rest.

Effects of Bed Angles and Bed Rest Time Combined with Hemostatic Methods on Discomfort and the Occurrence of Hemorrhagic Complications in Patients after Transfemoral Cerebral Angiography / 임상간호연구

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of bed angles and bed rest time combined with hemostatic methods on discomfort and hemorrhagic complications in patients after transfemoral cerebral angiography. METHODS: Data were collected from 93 inpatients following transfemoral cerebral angiography, from April 20 to September 23, 2016. Patients were grouped according to bed angle (0° vs. 30°) and bed rest time combined with hemostatic methods (4-hour bed rest after manual compression vs. 2-hour bed rest after applying vascular closure device). RESULTS: There was a significant group differences on discomfort (F=46.44, p<.001). The post-hoc analysis showed the lowest score of discomfort in those with bed angle 30o and 2-hour bed rest. There was no difference in hemorrhagic complications among 4 groups. CONCLUSION: The postangiograpy discomfort can be effectively reduced with the least hemorrhagic complications by bed angle 30° elevation and 2-hour bed rest after applying vascular closure device for those underwent transfemoral cerebral angiography.

Reducing bed rest time from five to three hours does not increase complications after cardiac catheterization: the THREE CATH Trial / Redução do repouso de cinco para três horas não aumenta complicações após cateterismo cardíaco: THREE CATH Clinical Trial / La reducción del reposo de cinco para tres horas no aumenta las complicaciones después del Clinical Trial Three Cath

Abstract Objective: to compare the incidence of vascular complications in patients undergoing transfemoral cardiac catheterization with a 6F introducer sheath followed by 3-hour versus 5-hour rest. Methods: randomized clinical trial. Subjects in the intervention group (IG) ambulated 3 hours after sheath removal, versus 5 hours in the control group (CG). All patients remained in the catheterization laboratory for 5 hours and were assessed hourly, and were contacted 24, 48, and 72 h after hospital discharge. Results: the sample comprised 367 patients in the IG and 363 in the GC. During cath lab stay, hematoma was the most common complication in both groups, occurring in 12 (3%) IG and 13 (4%) CG subjects (P=0.87). Bleeding occurred in 4 (1%) IG and 6 (2%) CG subjects (P=0.51), and vasovagal reaction in 5 (1.4%) IG and 4 (1.1%) CG subjects (P=0.75). At 24-h, 48-h, and 72-h bruising was the most commonly reported complication in both groups. None of the comparisons revealed any significant between-group differences. Conclusion: the results of this trial show that reducing bed rest time to 3 hours after elective cardiac catheterization is safe and does not increase complications as compared with a 5-hour rest. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT-01740856

Resumo Objetivo: comparar a incidência de complicações vasculares em pacientes submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco com introdutor 6 French sob abordagem transfemoral com repouso de 3 horas e de 5 horas Método: ensaio clínico randomizado. Os sujeitos incluídos no grupo intervenção (GI) deambularam 3 horas após a retirada do introdutor versus 5 horas para os do grupo controle (GC). Todos os pacientes permaneceram 5 horas no laboratório de hemodinâmica (LH), onde foram avaliados a cada hora, e foram contatados em 24, 48 e 72 h após a alta hospitalar. Resultados: a amostra foi composta por 367 pacientes no GI e 363 no GC. Durante a permanência no LH, hematoma foi a complicação mais observada em ambos os grupos, ocorrendo em 12 (3%) pacientes do GI e 13 (4%) do GC (P=0,87). Sangramento ocorreu em 4 (1%) pacientes do GI e 6 (2%) do GC (P=0,51), e reação vasovagal em 5 (1,4%) pacientes do GI e 4 (1,1%) do GC (P=0,75). Em 24, 48 e 72 h, equimose foi a complicação mais relatada por ambos os grupos, seguida por dor no local da punção. Nenhuma das comparações revelou significância estatística entre os grupos. Conclusão: as resultados deste estudo demonstram que a redução do tempo de repouso para 3 horas após cateterismo cardíaco eletivo mostrou-se segura, não ocasionando um aumento de complicações quando comparada ao repouso de 5 horas. Registro Clinical Trials: NCT-01740856.

Resumen Objetivo: comparar la incidencia de complicaciones vasculares en pacientes sometidos a cateterismo cardíaco con introductor 6 French bajo abordaje transfemoral con reposo de 3 horas y de 5 horas Método: ensayo clínico aleatorio. Los sujetos incluidos en el grupo intervención (GI) deambularon 3 horas después de la retirada del introductor versus 5 horas para los del grupo control (GC). Todos los pacientes permanecieron 5 horas en el laboratorio de hemodinámica (LH), en donde fueron evaluados a cada hora, y fueron contactados en 24, 48 y 72 h después del alta hospitalaria. Resultados: la muestra estuvo compuesta por 367 pacientes en el GI y 363 en el GC. Durante la permanencia en el LH, el hematoma fue la complicación más observada en los dos grupos, ocurriendo en 12 (3%) pacientes del GI y 13 (4%) del GC (P=0,87). La hemorragia ocurrió en 4 (1%) pacientes del GI y 6 (2%) del GC (P=0,51), y la reacción vasovagal en 5 (1,4%) pacientes del GI y 4 (1,1%) del GC (P=0,75). En 24, 48 y 72 h, la equimosis fue la complicación más relatada por los dos grupos, seguida por dolor en el local de la punción. Ninguna de las comparaciones reveló tener significación estadística entre los grupos. Conclusión: los resultados de este estudio demuestran que la reducción del tiempo de reposo para 3 horas después del cardíaco electivo se mostró segura, no ocasionando un aumento de complicaciones cuando comparada al reposo de 5 horas. Registro Clinical Trials: NCT-01740856

In-Hospital Mobility and Associated Factors.

Background and Purpose: Immobility during hospitalization can lead to deleterious consequences and substantial decline in functional capacity, and even a rise in mortality rate has been reported. Determining and understanding varying levels of mobility, barriers to mobility, and associated factors during hospitalization will help in the development of successful health care interventions. Study Design: An institution-based cross sectional study design was used to determine various levels of mobility (LOM) and to identify their associated factors and barriers in a single academic center in Ethiopia. Methods: A 400 bed university teaching hospital and referral center for different health centers in and around Gondar was the study set-up. Four hundred twenty three adult patients of various wards admitted for different conditions were recruited by stratified sampling and assessed for inhospital LOM using a previously validated scale. Results: Four hundred twenty three subjects were included in this study (n=423, mean age 37±14, 45.2% male). One hundred fifty three (36.17%) of the patients were identified as having low LOM with median Modified Clinical Mobility Score (MCMS) of 12 (inter quartile range [IQR]: 6-15). Low in-hospital LOM was associated with multiple variables. Risk of low LOM was three-fold higher in male patients (p 0.001).Old age groups were associated with 4.7 times lower LOM, and symptoms like weakness, dyspnea or dizziness increase the risk of having low LOM compared to not having these symptoms (AOR=2.7, 95% CI = 1.39- 5.43). Other perceived barriers to mobility during hospitalization were pain (60.3%), followed by environmental factors (19.4%), and personal factors (14.7%). Symptoms, age, sex, length of stay at the hospital and presence of invasive medical lines, catheters, etc. are found to have significant association with low LOM at 95% CI. Conclusion: More than one third of hospitalized patients were identified as having low LOM. Old age, presence of pain symptom, duration of stay at the hospital and invasive medical lines are significantly associated with a low level of mobility during hospitalization. We recommend early and effective management of contributing symptoms, and adjustment of the hospital environment for a better level of mobility. We posit early detection and classification of influential factors of mobility level is an important step towards developing successful intervention programs.

Repouso de três horas no leito após cateterismo cardíaco diagnóstico com introdutor 6 french não aumenta complicações decorrentes da punção arterial: ensaio clínico randomizado / Reposo de tres horas en el lecho tras cateterismo cardíaco diagnóstico con introductor 6 French no aumenta complicaciones que decurren de la punción arterial: ensayo clínico randomizado / Three hours rest in bed after diagnostic cardiac catheterization with 6 French introducer does not increase complications of arterial puncture: a randomized clinical trial

A despeito das evidências de que a redução do repouso no leito após cateterismo cardíaco diagnóstico sob abordagem transfemoral não aumenta as complicações decorrentes da punção arterial, esta prática ainda não está incoporada em muitos laboratórios de hemodinâmica (LH), principalmente em centros latino-americanos. Buscando preencher esta lacuna do conhecimento testou-se neste estudo se a redução do tempo de repouso no leito para três horas (GI), comparada a repouso de cinco horas (GC), não aumenta as complicações decorrentes da punção arterial após cateterismo cardíaco diagnóstico eletivo com introdutor 6 Frenche abordagem transfemoral. Foi conduzido um Ensaio clínico randomizado (ECR) no LH de um hospital público e universitário, região metropolitana, do Rio Grande do Sul no período de janeiro de 2011 a setembro de 2013. Foram incluídos pacientes adultos ambulatoriais. O GI deambulou três horas após a retirada do introdutor, e o GC após cinco horas. Todos pacientes permaneceram cinco horas na sala de observação onde foram observados a cada hora, pela equipe de enfermagem, e contatados por telefone em 24, 48 e 72 horas após a alta hospitalar. Foram avaliados os seguintes desfechos: hematoma, sangramento, hematoma retroperitoneal, pseudoaneurisma, formação de fístula arteriovenosa e reação vaso vagal Incluíram-se 730 pacientes: GI (n=367) e GC (n=363), média de idade de 62+11 anos. Durante a permanência dos pacientes na sala de observação do LH o hematoma foi a complicação mais observada em ambos os grupos, 12(3%) no GI e 13(4%) no GC (P=0,87); no GI 11(3%) pacientes apresentaram hematoma classificado como pequeno e 1(0,3%) apresentou hematoma classificado como grande; enquanto que no GC 11(3%) pacientes apresentaram hematoma classificado como pequeno e 2(0,6%) apresentaram hematoma classificado como grande; o sangramento ocorreu em 4(1%) dos pacientes no GI e 6(2%) no GC (P=0,51), tanto no GI como no GC a ocorrência de sangramento foi considerada menor...

Despite evidence that point out that reduction of rest in bed time after diagnostic cardiac catheterization using transfemoral approach does not contribute to complications of arterial puncture, such practice was still not incorporated in to several hemodynamic laboratories (HL), especially in Latin American centers. In order to fill this knowledge gap, this study presents a test for the reduction of rest in bed time of three hours (IG) compared to rest in bed time of five hours (CG), aiming at verifying if the time does not increase complications of arterial puncture after diagnostic cardiac catheterization using 6 French introducer and the transfemoral approach. A randomized clinical trial (RCT) was conducted at a HL in a public university hospital located in the metropolitan area of Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil, between January 2011 and September 2013. Adult outpatients were included in this trial. The IG remained three hours after the withdrawal of the 6 French introducer and the CG remained five hours in the ambulatory. All patients remained five hours in the observation room, being checked every one hour by the nursing staff and being contacted by telephone at 24, 48 and 72 hours after the discharge. The outcomes hematoma, bleeding, retroperitoneal hemorrhage, pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula and vasovagal response were assessed. For the study, 730 patients were included and separated into GI (n=367) and GC (n=363), mean age of 62 ± 11. While patients remained in the observation room in the HL, the hematoma was the most common complication observed in both groups, 12(3%) in IG and 13(4%) in CG (P=0.87); in IG, 11(3%) patients presented small hematoma and 1(0.3%) presented large hematoma; in CG, 11(3%) patients presented small hematoma and 2(0.6%) presented large hematoma; bleeding occurred in 4(1%) patients in IG and 6(2%) in CG (P=0.51); both IG and CG presented minor bleeding occurrences...

Con relación a las evidencias de que la reducción del reposo en el lecho tras cateterismo cardíaco diagnóstico bajo abordaje transfemoral no aumenta las complicaciones decurrentes de la punción arterial, esta práctica aún no está incorporada en muchos laboratorios de hemodinámica (LH), principalmente en centros latinoamericanos. En la tentativa de rellenar este hueco del conocimiento se hizo un test en este estudio para saber si la reducción del tiempo de reposo en el leco para tres horas (GI), comparada a cinco horas (GC), no aumenta las complicaciones decurrentes de la punción arterial tras cateterismo cardíaco diagnóstico con introductor 6 French y vía transfemoral. Fue dirigido un Ensayo clínico randomizado (ECR) en LH de un hospital público y universitario, región metropolitana, de Río Grande del Sur en el periodo de enero de 2011 a septiembre de 2013. Fueron incluidos pacientes adultos ambulatoriales. GI deambuló tres horas luego de la retirada del introductor, y GC tras cinco horas. Todos los pacientes permanecieron cinco horas en la sala de observación donde fueron observados a cada hora, por el equipo de enfermería, y contactados por teléfono en 24, 48 y 72 horas tras el alta hospitalario. Fueron evaluados los siguientes resultados: hematoma, hemorragia, hematoma retroperitoneal, pseudoaneurisma, formación de fístula arteriovenosa, reacción vaso y vagal. Se incluyeron 730 pacientes en la sala de observación de LH, el hematoma fue la complicación más observada en ambos grupos, 12 (3%) GI y 13 (4%) GC (P=0,87); en GI 11(3%) pacientes presentaron hematoma clasificado como pequeño y 1(0,3%) presentó hematoma clasificado como grande; mientras que en GC 11(3%) pacientes presentaron hematoma clasificado como pequeño y 2 (0,6%) presentaron hematoma clasificado como grande; la hemorragia ocurrió en 4 (1%) de los pacientes en GI y 6 (2%) en GC (P=0,51), tanto en GI como en GC la ocurrencia de hemorragia fue considerada menor...

Relationship between bed rest time and development of pre-thrombotic state in elderly patients with hip fracture / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship between bed rest time and development of prethrombotic state in the elderly patients with hip fracture.Methods One hundred and sixty-six patients who stayed in bed after hip fracture,aged ≥65 yr,were divided into 5 groups according to the bed rest time on admission to hospital:bed rest time ＜ 24 h (Ⅰ group,n =61),bed rest time 24-48 h (Ⅱ group,n =29),bed rest time 3-6days (Ⅲ group,n =29),bed rest time 7-14 days (Ⅳ group,n =34),and bed rest time ＞ 14 days (Ⅴ group,n =13).Venous blood samples were collected to measure the platelet count,coagulation function,and concentrations of plasma D-Dimer and serum α-granule membrane protein 140 (GMP-140).The development of abnormality in each index was recorded.The development of deep vein thrombosis in both lower extremities was diagnosed using color Doppler ultrasound in D-Dimer-positive patients.Results Compared with group Ⅰ,the abnormal rate of fibrinogen (Fib) and D-Dimer and serum GMP-140 concentrations were significantly increased in Ⅱ and Ⅲ groups,the abnormal rate of platelet count,Fib and D-Dimer and serum GMP-140 concentrations were increased in lⅣ group,and the abnormal rate of platelet count was increased,and no significant change was found in the serum GMP-140 concentrations and abnormal rate of Fib and D-Dimer in Ⅴ group.Compared with group Ⅱ,the serum GMP-140 concentrations were significantly increased in Ⅲ and Ⅳ groups,the abnormal rate of Fib and D-Dimer was increased in Ⅳ group,and no significant change was found in the abnormal rate of Fib and DDimer in Ⅲ group.The abnormal rate of platelet count was significantly lower in Ⅳ group than in Ⅲ group.Color Doppler Ultrasonography showed no sign of deep vein thrombosis.Conclusion For the elderly patients with hip fracture,the possibility of pre-thrombotic state developed is increased when the bed rest time is more than 24 h,and the patients were classified as high-risk patients when the bed rest time is more than 3 days.

Research in influence of bed rest time on orthostatic hypotension of elderly patients after hemodialysis / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To study the influence of different bed rest time on orthostatic hypotension,and explore a feasible and appropriate bed rest time for elderly patients after hemodialysis.Methods 58 elderly patients with regular hemodialysis were selected from January 2011 to May 2012.By self-control,they were divided into three groups according to different bed rest time:T0 group who got up immediately after the hemodialysis,T10 group who got up after 10-minute bed rest,T20 group who got up after 20-minute bed rest.The incidence of orthostatic hypotension was observed and compared between three groups.Results Compared to T0 group,the incidence of orthostatic hypotension in T10 and T20 groups was significantly reduced.However,no difference was seen between T10 and T20 groups.The acceptability rate in T10 group was 67.24％,higher than 17.24％ of the T20 group.Conclusions Elderly hemodialysis patients should continue to lie down for at least 10 minutes after hemodialysis,and then slowly get up,this measure can reduce the occurrence of orthostatic hypotension.

Comparative Study on the Period of Absolute Bed Rest of Vertebral Compression Fracture

OBJECTIVE: As a conservative treatment of compression fractures, absolute bed rest (ABR) for a certain period has been recommended, but no guideline on the period has yet been established. Considering that a long ABR period may adversely affect patients, the difference in prognosis according to the ABR period was investigated in this study. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted who were diagnosed with compression fracture. Groups A and B were put on ABR (one week for group A and two weeks for group B). X-ray images at baseline, 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks were obtained from both groups, for assessment purposes. RESULTS: The compression rates of both groups were no significant difference at baseline, 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks. The conditions of 25.9% and 21.2% of the subjects deteriorated in groups A and B, showing no significant difference. Between the groups of age and bone mineral densities (BMD), no significant difference was observed in the incidence of deterioration. In terms of complications development including constipation and other Gastrointestinal problems, voiding difficulty, etc., group A reported 57.4%, and group B, 84.8%, showing a significant difference (p-value=0.001). CONCLUSION: No significant difference in the conservative period was observed between the groups. Group B, however, reported a higher complications development rate than group A. Therefore, a short ABR period may be helpful in the early stage of conservative treatment.

A randomized controlled prospective study on ambulation versus bed rest for the initial treatment of patients with acute deep venous thrombosis / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective To evaluate the benefits and the risk of pulmonary embolism between walking exercises and bed rest in the acute stage of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Methods From February 2008 to March 2009,40 acute primary DVT patients were arbitrarily randomized into controlled group and experimental group,with 20 cases in each group,who were hospitalized within seven days of onset.Patients in controlled group underwent bed rest for 7-10 days,wearing elastic stockings.While patients in experimental group were early (1-2 days after admission) off bed walking about 600-1200 m every day with elastic stockings for 7-10 days.During the process patients in both group received regular anticoagulation treatment,and continued warfarin anticoagulation therapy after out of hospital for at least 6 months.The clinical characteristics of the two groups were comparable.Primary end points were the reduction of pain assessed daily with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS),the reduction of leg circumference at thigh,and cumulative pulmonary embolism incidences of two groups in three months. Results Symptoms in all patients of the two groups were improved,but the pain level showed a statistically significant reduction starting after the third day(58 ±8) mm in the experiment group and after the fifth day (58 ± 13) mm in the controlled group.The leg circumferences of the two groups after 7 days were statistically significantly different (P ＜ 0.05),the cumulative pulmonary embolism incidences of the two groups for 3 months were not statistically significantly different. Conclusion Mobile patients with acute DVT should be encouraged to walk with medical compression stockings.The rate of resolution of pain and swelling is significantly faster when the patient ambulates with compression.The quality of life significantly improved.The risk of pulmonary embolism does not significantly increase by this approach.